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Lee[Oh-oo2m]

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Animal Name:	Lee
Reference Code:	Oh-oo2m
Species:	King Cobra Ophiophagus hannah
Sex:	Male
Locale:	Malaysia
Birthdate:	1/1/2011
Comments:	Family: Elapidae Subfamily: Elapinae Genus: Ophiophagus Species: hannah Common Names King Cobra , Hamadryad , Jungle Cobra Local Names Taw-Gyi Mwe Haut , Yanjing Wang She , Ular Tedong Selar , Ular Kunyet Terus , Ular Tedong Belalang , Ular Anang , Oraj Totok , Ular Tedung , Tomumuho , Mantakah , Belalang Region Indian Sub-continent + North Asia + Southeast Asia Countries Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei, Cambodia, China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, India, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam, Tibet Prior Taxonomy - Synonomy Hamadryas hannah, Cantor, 1836. Naja bungarus, Schlegel, 1837. Hamadryas ophiophagus, Cantor, 1838. Naja vittata, Elliot, 1840. Dendraspis bungarus, Fitzinger, 1843. Hamadryas elaps, Gunther, 1858. Naja ( Hamadryas ) fasciata, Peters, 1861. Ophiophagus elaps, Gunther, 1864. Naja ingens, Van Hasselt, 1882 Naja bungarus, Boulenger, 1896, De Rooij, 1917. Naja hannah, Taylor, 1922; Pope, 1935; Smith, 1943. Ophiophagus hannah, Bogert, 1945. Dendraspis hannah hannah, Deraniyagala, 1960. Dendraspis hannah bungarus, Deraniyagala, 1960. Dendraspis hannah borneensis, Deraniyagala, 1960. Dendraspis hannah elaps, Deraniyagala, 1960. Dendraspis hannah sinensis, Deraniyagala, 1960. Dendraspis hannah vittata, Deraniyagala, 1960. Dendraspis hannah brunnea, Deraniyagala, 1961. Dendraspis hannah nordicus, Deraniyagala, 1961. Dendraspis hannah, Taylor, 1965. Ophiophagus hannah, Saint Girons, 1972; Golay, 1985; Welch 1994; Manthey and Grossmann, 1997; Cox et al., 1998; Stuebing and Inger, 1999; Lang and Vogel, 2005; Whitaker and Captain, 2007. Appearance and Scalation Adult Length: 2.00 m General Shape Very large in length, tapering, slender bodied snake, withmedium to moderately long tail. Capable of extending the neck region into a long and narrow hood. World's largest venomous snake. Can grow to a maximum of about 5.85 metres ( but rarely found to exceed 4.30 metres ). Head is moderately short, flattened, moderately distinct from neck, with a broad, rounded snout and an indistinct canthus. Eyes are medium in size with round pupils. Dorsal scales are smooth and oblique with anterior vertebral row and outer 2 scale rows enlarged, posterior portion of body often with the middle 3 rows enlarged. Dorsal scale count ( 19 or 17 ) - 15 - 15 ( 13 ). Head Scales The usual 9 supracephalic head shields plus a pair of occipital head shields in contact with each other on midline, frontal as broad as supraoculars and about equal in size, no loreal, no cuneate scale on lower jaw, rostral slightly wider than high, nostril between 2 nasals and internasal, single squarish preocular, 3 postoculars, temporals 1 + 2 or 2 + 2, 7 ( rarely 8 ) supralabials ( 3rd and 4th in contact with eye with the 3rd supralabial highest and contacting the postnasal ) and 8 or 9 infralabials with the first 4 infralabials in contact with anterior chin shields. Min Mid Body Rows: 15 Modal Mid Body Rows: 15 Max Mid Body Rows: 15 Anals: single Min Ventrals: 215 Max Ventrals: 270 Min Subcaudals: 80 Max Subcaudals: 120 Single / Divided / Mixed: mixed, anterior single, posterior divided Coloration / Markings Dorsal surface colour varies from yellowish, grey, olive or brown to blackish and usually darker on the tail. Scales are dark edged, particularly posteriorly where traces of juvenile banding may persist ( juveniles strikingly banded black ( or dark brown ) and white or black ( or dark brown ) and yellow ). Persistence of juvenile banding ( chevron shaped on dorsum ) in adults is a common feature of specimens from Myanmar. Head dorsum colour is similar to dorsal surface body colour. Head venter and throat is yellow or orange with or without irregular black markings. Ventral surface colour is usually yellowish, grey or greyish brown with a striped appearance and dark interstitial skin. References De Rooij N. (1917) The reptiles of the Indo-Australian Archipelago. II. Ophidia. E.J. Brill Ltd., Leiden. Smith M.A. (1943) The Fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma Including the Whole of the Indo-Chinese Sub-Region. Reptilia and Amphibia, Vol. III - Serpentes, Taylor and Francis, London. Taylor E.H. (1965) The serpents of Thailand and adjacent waters. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., Vol. 45(9), pp 609-1079. Deuve J. (1970) Serpentes du Laos. Memoire O.R.S.T.O.M. No 39, Paris. Campden-Main S. M. (1970) A Field Guide to the Snakes of South Vietnam. Smithsonian Institution ( Reprinted 1984 ), New York. Mahendra B. C. (1983) Handbook of the Snakes of India, Ceylon, Burma, Bangladesh and Pakistan. The Academy of Zoology, Agra, India. Tweedie M.W.F. (1983) The Snakes of Malaya. 3rd Edition, Singapore National Printers, Singapore. Murthy T.S.N. (1985) Classification and distribution of the reptiles of India. The Snake, Vol. 17, pp 48-71. Golay P. (1985) Checklist and Keys to the Terrestrial Proteroglyphs of the World ( Serpentes : Elapidae - Hydrophiidae ). Elapsoidea, Geneva. Zhao E. (1990) Venomous Snakes of China. In : Snakes of Medical Importance ( Asia-Pacific Region ). Ed. Gopalakrishnakone P. and Chou L.M., National University of Singapore, Singapore. pp 243-268. Liat L.B. (1990) Venomous Land Snakes of Malaysia. In : Snakes of Medical Importance ( Asia-Pacific Region ). Ed. Gopalakrishnakone P. and Chou L.M., National University of Singapore, Singapore. pp 387-417. Cox M.J. (1991) The Snakes of Thailand and Their Husbandry. Krieger Publishing Company, Malabar, Florida. Warrell D.A. (1994) Clinical Toxicology of Snakebite in Asia. In : Handbook of Clinical Toxicology of Animal Venoms and Poisons. Eds. Meier J. and White J., CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton, Florida. pp 493-594. Cox M.J., van Dijk P.P., Nabhitabhata J. and Thirakhupt K. (1998) A Photographic Guide to Snakes and Other Reptiles of Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand. Ralph Curtis Publishing, 144 pp. Stuebing R.B. and Inger R.F. (1999) A field guide to the snakes of Borneo. Natural History Publications ( Borneo ) Sdn. Bhd., 256 pp. Leviton A.E., Wogan G.O.U., Koo M.S., Zug G.R., Lucas R.S. and Vindum J.V. (2003) The dangerously venomous snakes of Myanmar. Illustrated checklist with keys. Proc California Acad. Sci., Vol. 54(24), pp 407-462. Lang R. de and Vogel G. (2005) The snakes of Sulawesi. A field guide to the land snakes of Sulawesi with identification keys. Frankfurt Contributions to Natural History, Vol. 25. Ed. Chimaira Frankfurt am Main., 312 pp. Vogel G. (2006) Venomous snakes of Asia Giftschlangen Asiens. ( Terralog Vol. 14 ). Frankfurt am Main. Edition Chimaira. Ziegler T., Hendrix R., Thanh V.K., Vogt M., Forster B., and Kien D.N. (2007) The diversity of a snake community in a karst forest ecosystem in the central Truong Son, Vietnam, with an identification key. Zootaxa, Vol. 1493, pp 1-40. Whitaker R. and Captain A (2007) Snakes of India. The Field Guide. Draco Books, Chennai, India, 480 pp. Grismer L.L., Neang T., Chav T., Wood P.L., Oaks J.R., Holden J., Grismer J.L., Szutz T.R. and Youmans T.M. (2008) Additional amphibians and reptiles from the Phnom Samkos Wildlife Sanctuary in northwestern Cardamom Mountains, Cambodia, with comments on their taxonomy and the discovery of three new species. The Raffles Bulletin of Zoology, Vol 56(1), pp 161-175. Biological Information Dentition Front fangs located at anterior end of maxillary bone ( proteroglyphous ) followed by an interspace and usually 3 small maxillary teeth. Breeding Mates in January to February. Oviparous. Incubation period is 10 to 12 weeks. About 20 to 51 eggs laid ( usually in dead leaf litter ) peaking in April. Young measure about 43 to 64 cm in length at hatching. Juveniles Juveniles are strikingly banded ( angled forward like chevrons ) black and white or black and yellow along the dorsum. Burmese specimens often retain this banding into adulthood. Sexual dimorphism Males have less ventrals and more subcaudals than females with adult females attaining larger sizes. Habitat Wide range of habitats. Jungle and primary and secondary forest, woodlands, open fields and foothills at elevations up to about 1800 metres. Habits Cannibalistic, terrestrial and diurnal. Non-aggressive and will escape to cover if disturbed but does have a reputation for aggression when brooding. Fearless snake which will not hesitate to stand its ground If provoked or cornered. It will raise its forebody high off the ground and spread its hood and make a growling-like noise in defense. Prey Feeds almost entirely on snakes, occasionally lizards

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